A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which are chemically non-reacting. We come
across many types of solutions in our daily life. e.g., solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-gas. In this chapter we will
learn several properties of solutions and their applications
Types of Solutions
Concentration Terms
Concentration Terms
Solubility of a substance is its maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent (generally
100 g of solvent) at a specified temperature to form a saturated solution
Factors Affecting Solubility of Gas In Liquid
Some of the more energetic particles on the surface of the liquid move fast enough to escape from the attractive
forces holding the liquid together. They evaporate. The diagram shows a small region of a liquid near its surface
Definition of vapour pressure :The partial pressure of vapours in equilibrium with pure solid or pure liquid at a
given temperature
Vapour Pressure of liquid-liquid solution: volatile solute +
volatile solvent
Phase Diagrams of Two-Component Ideal Solutions: Bubble And Dew Points
The compositions of the liquid and vapour that are in mutual equilibrium are not necessarily the same. Common
sense suggests that the vapour should be richer in the more volatile component. This can be easily derived from
Raouls’s Law
Application of Raoults Law 02
Very large deviations from ideality lead to a special class of mixtures known as azeotropes, azeotropic mixtures,
or constant-boiling mixtures
For mixture of two completely immiscible liquids, each liquid exerts its own vapor pressure, independent of
the other, and the total vapor pressure is the sum of the separate vapour pressures of the two components
in the pure state at the given temperature
The properties of the solution which are dependent only on the total no. of particles or total concentration
of particles in the solution & are not dependent on the nature of particle i.e. shape, size, neutral /charge
etc. of the particles
ï€ For electrolytic solutes the No. of particles would be different then the No. of particles actually added,
due to dissociation or association of solute
Vapour Pressure of a solutions non-volatile solute in a volatile solvent
Vapour Pressure of a solution of a non volatile solute ( solid solute ) is always found to be less than the vapour
pressure of pure solvent
Experimental or lab determination of relative lowering of vapoure pressure
Boiling point: The temprature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the external pressure
present at the surface of the liquid is called b.p of liquid at that pressure
Elevation in Boiling point of a solution of non-volatile solute
in volatile solvent 02
Depression in freezing point of a solution of non-volatile
solute in volatile solvent
Diffusion : Spontaneous flow of particles from high concentration region to lower concentration region is
known as diffusion
Osmotic Pressure
Isotonic solution : Two solutions having same osmotic pressure are consider as isotonic solution
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures and they contain particles like ion or small molecule. There are seven
possible kinds of solutions. For solutions in which a gas or solid is dissolved in a liquid, the dissolved substance
is called the solute and the liquid is called the solvent
Osmium tetraoxide in alkaline medium
