Biomolecules and polymers

  • Carbohydrate
  • A polyhydroxy compound that has an aldehyde or a ketone functional group present, either free or as hemiacetal
    or acetal are called carbohydrate.

    Read more
  • Aldohexoses
  • Their structure has been elucidated as follows :
    (i) Analysis and molecular-weight determinations show that the molecular formula of the aldohexoses is C6H12O6.
    (ii) When treated with acetic anhydride, aldohexoses form the penta-acetate. This indicates the presence of five

    Read more
  • Aldoses
  • Glucose : Glucose is the most common monosaccharide. It is known as Dextrose because it occurs in
    nature principally as the optically active dextrorotatory isomers. It is act as a reducing agent (reduces both
    Fehling’s solution and ammonical silver nitrate solution). When heated with sodium hydroxide, an aqueous
    solution of glucose turns brown. It is known as dextrose and found as grapes, honey, cane sugar, starch and
    cellulose

    Read more
  • Chemical Reactions
  • Chemical Reactions  Reaction due to OH group

    Read more
  • Structure
  • Structure

    Read more
  • Mutarotation
  • Either of 2 form (a & b glucose) are dissolve in water and allow to stand for some time. The specific rotation of
    solution changes gradually until a final value of + 53º is reached. This change in optical rotation of solution of
    either form until a constant value is called mutarotation

    Read more
  • Chemical Reaction
  • It froms fructose pentaacetate with acetyl chloride

    Read more
  • Haworth projection Fructofuranose
  • Haworth projection : Fructofuranose

    Read more
  • Haworth projection
  • Haworth projection : Fructofuranose

    Read more
  • Maltose
  • When it is hydrolysed with dilute acids or by the enzyme maltase, maltose yields two
    molecules of D (+)-glucose. Maltose is a reducing sugar, e.g., it reduces Fehling’s solution
     it forms an oxime and an osazone, and undergoes mutarotation. This indicates that at
    least one aldehyde group (of the two glucose molecules) is free in maltose.

    Read more
  • Lactose
  • Lactose

    Read more
  • Starch
  • Starch is the main contributor of carbohydrates in our diet. It exists exclusively in plants, stored in the seeds,
    roots, and fibres as food reserve. Example rice, potato

    Read more
  • Cellulose
  •  Cellulose is the main structural material of tree and other plants. Wood is 50% cellulose, while
    cotton wool is almost pure cellulose. Other sources of cellulose are straw, corncobs, bagasse, and
    similar agricultural wastes

    Read more
  • Amino Acids & Proteins
  • Each living cell is made up of thousands of different proteins All proteins contain the elements like carbon,
    hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Some of these also contain phosphorus, iodine and traces of metals

    Read more
  • Amino Acid
  • Amino acids are the building blocks of the molecular structure of the important and
    very complex class of compounds known as proteins. The proteins on hydrolysis
    yield mixture of the component amino acids.

    Read more
  • Zwitter ion
  • Zwitter ion (Dipolar Nature of Amino acids)

    Read more
  • Isoelectric point of a-amino acids
  • When an ionised amino acid is placed in an electric field, it will actually migrate towards the
    opposite electrode. Depending upon the pH of the medium, three things can happen

    Read more
  • Isoelectric Point
  • The pH at which the amino acid shows no tendency to migrate when placed in an electric field is known as its
    isoelectric point

    Read more
  • Isoelectric Table
  • Isoelectric Table

    Read more
  • General methods of preparation
  • General methods of preparation

    Read more
  • Chemical reactions
  • Formaldehyde reacts with amino acids to form N-methylene amino acids. In this reaction basic character is lost
    and thus, free acid can be determined by titration - Sorenson titration method for amino acids

    Read more
  • Other Reactions of a Amino Acid
  • Other Reactions of a Amino Acid

    Read more
  • Zwitter ion formation in amino acids
  • Zwitter ion formation in amino acids

    Read more
  • Peptides bonds and Proteins
  • Peptides (Proteins)  Peptides (Proteins) may be defined as condensation polymers of a-amino acids
    and having peculiar overall structure which determines their specific physiological functions in the living organism.

    Read more
  • Peptide Linkage
  • Proteins are the most abundant-biomolecules of the living beings. The chief source of proteins are milk, cheese,
    pulses peanuts, fish meat etc. These are high molecular mass complex, biopolymers of amino acids. They
    occur in every part of the body and form fundamental basis of structures and determine functions of life. The word
    protein is derived from Greek word proteios which means primary or of prime importance

    Read more
  • On the basis of chemical composition
  • Simple proteins : These proteins on hydrolysis give only a-aminoacids. For example albumin
    in the white portion of eggs, glutenin in wheat, oxygenin in rice, keratin in hair, nails horns etc

    Read more
  • Structure of Proteins
  • Proteins are biopolymers obtained by condensation of large number of amino acids through peptide bonds
    having three dimensional (3D) structures. Structure and shape of proteins can be studied at four different levels
    i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary, each level being more complex than the previous one

    Read more
  • Tertiary structure of proteins
  • The tertiary structure of protein represent overall folding of the polypeptide chains i.e further
    folding of the secondary structure. In other words, tertiary structure refers to the manner in
    which the entire protein molecule folds up in the three dimensional space to produce a specific
    shape. It gives rise to two major molecular shapes fibrous and globular

    Read more
  • Quarternary structure of proteins
  • Although many proteins exist as a single polypeptide chain but there are certain proteins which are
    composed of two or more polypeptide chains referred to as sub-units or protomoss. These subunits may
    be identical or different and are held together by non-polar covalent forces such as, H-bonds, vanderwaals
    interaction and electrostatic interactions

    Read more
  • Denaturation of proteins
  • A protein found in a biological sytem having a unique three dimensional structure and specific
    biological activity is called a native protein. When a protein in its native form is subjected to a
    physical change like change in temperature or pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. As a
    result-globules unfold and helices get uncoiled and protein loses its biological activity. This is
    called Denaturation of proteins

    Read more
  • Th 14 Enzymes and Hormones
  • Enzymes  Nitrogenous complex compounds with basic nature are called Enzymes. Enzymes are biological
    catalysts. All biological reactions are catalysed by enzyme. enzyme lower the activation energy thereby increasing
    the rate of the reaction.

    Read more
  • Characteristics of Enzymes
  • (i) Specificity : Each enzyme catalyses only one chemical reaction.
    (ii) Efficiency : Enzymes are very efficient catalyst. They increase the rate of reaction by 10 times.
    (iii) Small quantity :- Only small amount of enzyme can be highly efficient because. They are regenerated after
    their catalytic activity

    Read more
  • Vitamins
  • Definition  Vitamins may be defined as a group of biomolecules which are required in small amounts for
    normal metabolic process and for the life, growth and health of human beings and animal organisms

    Read more
  • Nucleic acids
  • Nucleic acids were first discovered by a Swiss biochemist, Friedrich Miescher (1869) who called them nuclein
    due to their acidic nature.
    Chemical analysis of chromosomes shows presence of two nucleic acids-DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) and
    RNA (Ribo nucleic acid)

    Read more
  • Structure of DNA
  • J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick (1953) proposed double helical structure of DNA based on the results of
    M.H.F.Wilkins and co-workers. All these three persons were awarded Nobel Prize in 1962 for this work.
    The following are some of the characteristic features of double helical structure of DNA.

    Read more
  • Types of RNA and their functions
  • (1)  r-RNA (Ribosomal – RNA) It is found in the ribosomes and it is usually associated with protein to form
    the ribosomes. It is synthesised in the nucleus by DNA. It is single stranded, comprising about 80% of the total
    RNA. It is metabolically stable

    Read more
  • POLYMERS
  • These are very high molecular mass substances where each molecule is derived from very large number of
    simple molecules joined together in a regular way. This simple molecule is monomer and the process of formation
    of polymers from simple molecule is polymerization.

    Read more
  • Polymers can be classified by following ways
  • Polymers can be classified by following ways

    Read more
  • Few important polymers
  • It is obtained by polymerization of vinyl chloride. PVC is used in the manufacture of imitation leather, floor
    covering, corrugated roofing material, and gramophone records

    Read more
  • Some polymers and their uses
  • Some polymers and their uses

    Read more
  • Some commercially Important Polymers
  • Some commercially Important Polymers

    Read more
  • Biodegradable Polymers
  • A large number of polymers are quite resistant to the environmental degradation processes and are thus responsible
    for the accumulation of polymeric soild waste materials. These soild wastes cause acute environmental problems
    and remain undegraded for quite a long time. In view of the general awareness and concern for the problems
    created by the polymeric soild wastes, certain new biodegradable synthetic polymers have been designed and
    developed. These polymers contain functional groups similar to the functional groups present in biopolymers.
    Aliphatic polyesters are one of the important classes of biodegradable poylmers. Some examples are given
    below

    Read more

Popular Video Created To Topic

Biomolecules and polymers 02

Online Live Session JEE/NEET

Online live session that help you visualize each concept making it easier to understand Efficient way to Clear your doubts from your place.

Know More

Our USB Program

Nucleon Provides best Classroom recording's of expert IITians faculties of kota in USB.

Know More

Coaching in KOTA

Ensure a Smart prep with adaptive learning for competitive exam (IIT JEE/NEET).

Know More
Share With Your Friends
whatsapp
--
Get Discount