Aldehydes and Ketones Revision Notes - IIT JEE/NEET Preparation

Aldehydes and Ketones

Introduction

Aldehydes & ketones have general formula

Strucutre and bonding in aldehydes and ketones

The carbonyl carbon atom is sp2 hybridized. The unhybridized p-orbital overlaps with a p-orbital of oxygen to form

a pi bond. The double bond between carbon and oxygen is shorter, stronger, and polarized

Preparation methods of Aldehydes and Ketones

Preparation methods of Aldehydes and Ketones

Preparation methods of Aldehydes and Ketones 02

Preparation methods of Aldehydes and Ketones

Methods used for the preparation of Aldehydes only

Methods used for the preparation of Aldehydes only

Methods used for the preparation of Ketones only

Methods used for the preparation of Ketones only

Physical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Physical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Chemical Reactions

Addition of a nuceophile and a proton across the (C = O) double bond. The reactivity of the carbonyl group arises

from the electronegativity of the oxygen atom and the resulting polarization of the carbon-oxygen double bond

Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN)

Addition of hydrogen cyanide (HCN)

Addition of sodium hydrogen sulphite (NaHSO3)

Addition of sodium hydrogen sulphite (NaHSO3)

Addition of alcohols

Addition of alcohols (ROH)

Addition of water

Aldehyde or ketone reacts with water to form gem-diols. Water is a poor nucelophile and

therefore adds relatively slowly to the carbonyl group

Addition of ammonia and its derivatives (addition elimination reactions)

Addition of ammonia and its derivatives (addition elimination reactions)

Addition of Grignard reagents (Preparation of alcohol)

Addition of Grignard reagents (Preparation of alcohol)

Beckmann rearrangement in Oximes

Beckmann rearrangement in Oximes

Reactions due to a-Hydrogen

Reactions due to a-Hydrogen

Aldol condensation (or aldol reaction)

Aldol condensation (or aldol reaction)

Cross-Aldol condensation

On using two types of carbonyl compounds both having a-hydrogen atoms we get a mixture of four condensed

product because two types of carbonyl compounds will give two type of carbanions which will be nucleophile for

itself and other molecule

Intramolecular aldol condensation

Intramolecular aldol condensation

Intramolecular aldol condensation

Intramolecular aldol condensation

Perkin reaction

When aromatic aldehyde like benzaldehyde is treated with anhydride in the presence of sodium salt of acid

Knoevenagel reaction

Knoevenagel reaction

Aldehydes and Ketones 02

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